1. Openssl Rsa_generate_key Example Of Life
2. Openssl Rsa_generate_key Example Template
3. Openssl Rsa Public Key

The current OpenPGP standard uses key pairs with RSA, DH/DSS, and ECC asymmetric encryption keys. In this chapter, we are going to generate an RSA key pair with DidiSoft OpenPGP Library for .NET.

Each OpenPGP key pair contains additional information which we have to specify upfront:

• User ID of the key owner, usually in the form “Person name or Organization name <owners_email@website>“
• Size in bits of the encryption key (must be over 1024 and up to 4096)
• list of preferred symmetric encryption algorithms
• list of preferred hash algorithms
• list of preferred compression algorithms
• key expiration date (if the key will be with a time-limited use)

Openssl genrsa -des3 -out private.pem 2048. That generates a 2048-bit RSA key pair, encrypts them with a password you provide and writes them to a file. You need to next extract the public key file. You will use this, for instance, on your web server to encrypt content so that it can only be read with the private key. Export the RSA Public Key to a File. OpenSSL and RSA keys¶ Another way to look into a private key with OpenSSL is to use the rsa module. While the asn1parse module is a generic ASN.1 parser, the rsa module knows the structure of an RSA key and can properly output the field names.

The original PGP(r) software uses a naming convention for delimiting the email in the User ID label with < and > like: “Richard C. <richard.c@site.com>”

Generate RSA based OpenPGP key pair

Below is a short example program that shows how to generate an RSA OpenPGP key pair in a KeyStore object.

C# example

VB.NET example

The above code generates a key pair that does not expire. An overloaded method exists that accepts an expiration date as the last parameter. A key pair can also be generated without using a KeyStore, through a similar method in the PGPKeyPair class.

After the key pair is generated it can be exported. Usually, we will send the public key part of it to our partners.

Below is a screenshot of the key properties after the key is imported in PGP (r) Desktop version 10. Please note that in our example above we have omitted the < > around the email part of the User ID and that’s why PGP(r) displays the name and email part of the User ID together.

Async support

In order to create a key pair asynchronously, we have to use the DidiSoft.Pgp.KeyStoreAsync class which provides the same key creation methods with Async suffixes.

Summary

In this chapter, we have discussed RSA OpenPGP key generation with DidiSoft OpenPGP Library for .NET.

You may also consider reading DH/DSS OpenPGP key pair generation, ECC key pair generation, keys exporting and importing.

Example application

In the library installation folder under the Examples subfolder, you can find the project KeyToolCS (KeyToolVB for VB.NET), a demo WinForms application that illustrates OpenPGP key generation as well as many other operations that can be performed over OpenPGP keys.

List of methods used:

Openssl Rsa_generate_key Example Of Life

KeyStore.GenerateKeyPair
KeyStore.GenerateRsaKeyPair

This guide covers how to create certificates and keys for OpenVPN server and clients using the EasyRSA tool on MacOS.

The instructions are very similar for most flavours of linux such as Ubuntu once the correct packages are installed (e.g. on Ubuntu: apt-get install openvpn easy-rsa).

If privacy and security are of the utmost concern, generate all certificates and keys on a “clean” machine and verify the signatures of each download.

Step 1: Resolve MacOS Dependencies

This guide assumes that you’re running MacOS Sierra or later.

XCode and Command Line Tools

Ensure that you have installed the XCode Command Line Tools.

To check, the command xcode-select -p outputs a file path beginning with /Applications/Xcode.app/ if they are already installed.

If Command Line Tools is not installed, open the Terminal app and enter xcode-select --install to trigger the installation app.

Another way to trigger the installation app is to attempt to use a command line developer tool such as the GNU C compiler gcc (e.g. gcc --version). If the tools are not installed, you will be greeted by a graphical MacOS installation prompt instead of the expected Terminal output from gcc. You don’t necessarily need the full XCode so you can click the “install” button for just the command line tools.

Work your way through the installer and follow Apple’s steps until you can start working with the necessary commands. The CLI commands will become available to you after you agree to all of Apple’s terms and conditions.

If you experience troubles with the next step, assuming that it is the result of some future change by Apple, it may be beneficial to install the full XCode in addition to the CLI tools. It’s available for free on the App Store, but take note that it’s a hefty multi-gigabyte download.

OpenSSL

EasyRSA requires a late-version of the open-source openssl library.

Apple bundles its own crypto libraries in MacOS but these are generally out of date. At the time of writing, the openssl command bundled with MacOS is not likely compatible with EasyRSA and will produce errors if you try to use it (note: the binary is at /usr/bin/openssl).

A newer EasyRSA-compatible version of OpenSSL is easy to install with the brew package manager (https://brew.sh/). Installing via brew will not clobber or harm the Apple version that’s already on your system. If you need to install brew, go to the project’s website and follow the simple instructions on the landing page.

Assuming you have brew installed, open a Terminal and run the command:

Brew will download and install openssl to its default package install directory of /usr/local/Cellar.

The package will be installed in “keg only” mode: brew will not create a symlink for its openssl in /usr/local/bin or anywhere else in your $PATH. You will not have a conflicting openssl command, and Apple’s binary will remain intact.

To get EasyRSA to use the openssl binary installed by the brew package, you will need to know its path. Run brew’s package info command and examine the output:

In my example, I could see that openssl resolved to /usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2n. In your case, this may be a different path due to a more recent version being available in the future. Next, inspect this folder to locate the binary and determine the full path to it. In my example case, the full path to the binary was:

Note down the correct path to the openssl binary for your case. When configuring EasyRSA in the next step, you will need to specify this path in an EASYRSA_OPENSSL variable.

Step 2: Download EasyRSA

Go to https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy-rsa/releases and download the latest .tgz version for your Mac.

Save the file to a folder that you wish to work from (your certificates and keys will be generated here) and unpack it using the Archive utility (double click on it in Finder).

Note that the easy-rsa tools were written with traditional linux/unix-type environments in mind and therefore assume that all paths to the scripts have no spaces in them.

Going forward I will assume the path of your unpacked EasyRSA folder is: ~/vpn/easyrsa. The ‘~’ character is a shortcut to your home folder that works in Terminal, i.e. on a Mac its a placeholder for /Users/your_username and on a typical linux environment /home/username.

Step 3: Configure EasyRSA

Assuming that the path of your unpacked EasyRSA folder is: ~/vpn/easyrsa, open Terminal and navigate to the unpacked folder:

Copy the vars.example “starter” configuration file to vars:

Now customize the initial “starter” configuration file’s settings in vars to reflect your own.

Open it in a text editor and look for the following lines. Uncomment them (i.e. delete the preceding # character) and fill them in with your appropriate values. Specify something for each field below:

Look for the following field and uncomment it:

Openssl Rsa_generate_key Example Template

We’ll be using a 2048-bit key (the current default) for this example so the value will not be changed.

A larger key size is more secure but will result in longer connection + wait times over the VPN. At the time of writing in late 2017, its generally believed that a 2048-bit key is sufficient for most usage scenarios. A 4096-bit key is believed to provide additional privacy vs. more powerful state-sponsored actors.

EasyRSA by default uses the openssl binary found in the $PATH. Find the following line, uncomment it, and update the value with the path to the brew-installed openssl binary from Step 1. For example, in my case, the following line:

became:

Step 4: Generate Certificate Authority (CA)

Navigate into your easyrsa/ folder. For example:

Initialize the PKI (public key infrastructure) with the easyrsa script. This will create a pki/ subfolder:

Create the CA (certificate authority):

You will be prompted to input a Common Name. Input the name server and hit ENTER.

The generated CA certificate can now be found at pki/ca.crt.

Step 5: Generate Server Certificate + Key + DH Parameters

Assuming you’re still inside your easyrsa/ folder from the previous step, generate your server certificate and key:

The generated server certificate can now be found at: pki/issued/server.crt

The generated server key can now be found at: pki/private/server.key

Now generate the Diffie-Hellman (DH) parameters for key exchange. This process can take several minutes depending on your system:

The generated DH parameters can be found at: pki/dh.pem.

You now have all of the files necessary to configure an OpenVPN server.

Step 6: Generate client credentials

You should generate a unique set of credentials for each and every client that will connect to your VPN. You can repeat this step for any client that you need to create credentials for.

All clients in your setup should have a unique name. Change exampleclient in the following to something descriptive that you will recognize and be able to associate with the user/client:

The generated client certificate: pki/issued/exampleclient.crt

The generated client key can be found at: pki/private/exampleclient.key

When distributing credentials to a client, they will need at least these 3 files:

• A client certificate (e.g. pki/issued/exampleclient.crt)
• The corresponding client key (e.g. pki/private/exampleclient.key)
• A copy of the CA certificate (pki/ca.crt)

These client credentials can be loaded into a VPN app like Tunnelblick or Viscosity along with client configuration information that corresponds to your VPN server’s specific settings.

Openssl Rsa Public Key

Understanding client config files

Client configuration information is usually provided in the form of an additional file: a plaintext config file with the .ovpn extension. Both Tunnelblick and Viscosity recognize the .ovpn extension and file format.

Later versions of openvpn support specifying all of the client configuration information, client certificate, client key, and CA certificate as demarcated blocks within the config file itself, so that clients only need to be provided with a single .ovpn file.

Apr 02, 2019  Linux Basics: How To Create and Install SSH Keys on the Shell Installation of SSH Keys on Linux - A Step-By-Step Guide. Converting OpenSSH private key to the new format. The above steps shall help you install SSH keys on any virtual private server in. You can generate an SSH key pair directly in cPanel, or you can generate the keys yourself and just upload the public one in cPanel to use with your hosting account. When generating SSH keys yourself under Linux, you can use the ssh-keygen command.

Security reminder

It is good to practice to try and keep all .ovpn, certificate, and key files as safe as possible with exposure to as few eyes/hands/hard-disks/clouds/etc as possible. Distribute them as securely as you can to your clients/users.

Next steps

Now you need a working openvpn server and a client that wishes to connect to your VPN!

I hope this guide was helpful to you. For all the server tutorials out there, as far as I know this is one of the few comprehensive guides out there for creating all required certificates and keys on MacOS.

Router as OpenVPN server

If your openvpn server is your router, you can now login to it’s admin control panel and input the server-related certificate + key + DH parameters that you created above.

Before you activate the VPN server, ensure that your router’s firmware is up-to-date and that you have set a long and reasonably secure password for the admin user.

Running your own server

If you are planning to setup your own openvpn server, there are numerous other resources available online to guide you through the server installation and configuration process for a variety of different operating systems.

You will find that you need all the keys and certificates that you created by following this guide.

These resources will generally include guidance for crafting .ovpn client configuration files to include specific settings that correspond to your server’s particular setup, so that clients can successfully connect.